Freud's Theory

Theory of Carl Rogers

Hierarchy of Abraham Maslow

EGO or Neo-Analytic Theory of Personality

Major Ego or Neo-Analyst Theorists

      Carl Jung-collective unconscious, archetypes, complexes

      Alfred Adler-social influence

      Karen Horney-conception of women

      Eric Erikson-beyond childhood to adulthood-life cycle

Ego or Neo-Analysts

      Importance of the feelings of self (ego) that arise from interactions & conflicts

Sense of self(ego) central core of personality. Ego = core individuality of person. Start from Psychoanalysis. It emphasis on motivation & social interaction

 Carl Jung 1875-1961

      He came from Kesswill, Switzerland, and Son of minister, maternal Grandfather Minister. Dominant childhood beliefs formed his theory. Visions & Dreams were important-paranormal-collective unconscious came from this. Two different personalities-dual personalities. Child as he appeared to world-introvert. Cultured gentleman from previous century

Jung’s Analytic Psychology

v Mind or psyche is divided into 3 parts, they are Conscious ego-sense of self, Personal Unconscious-thoughts & feeling not part of conscious awareness-past and future material-compensates or balances conscious attitude and ideas and Collective unconscious.

v Collective Unconscious

n  Certain psychic elements passed from generation to generation through unconscious channel. Universal archetypes-emotional symbols-predispose us to react in predictable ways to common recurring stimuli. Transpersonal and derived from our ancestors to continually repeating events

Concept from Jung’s View

n  Group of emotionally charged feelings, thoughts and ideas related to a particular theme. Strength determined by its libido (psychic-energy) or “value”. Personality is made up of opposing forces that continually pull against one another

Jung’s Functions of the Mind

n  Sensing – Is there something there?

n  Thinking - What is it that is there?

n  Feeling - What is it worth?

n  Intuiting – Where did it come from and where is it going?

n  Sensing & Thinking=Rational-Judgment & reason

n  Feeling & Intuiting=Irrational-conscious reasoning is virtually absent

Jung’s Attitudes of the Mind

n  Exists in each person one is more dominant than other in each person

n  Extroversion – direct psychic energy towards the things in external world

n  Introversion – direct psychic energy more inwardly focused

Jung’s 8 Personality Types

n  Extroversion Sensing ,Introversion Sensing , Extroversion Thinking , Introversion Thinking ,Extroversion Feeling , Introversion Feeling ,Extroversion Intuiting, Introversion Intuiting

 Alfred Adler 1870-1937

                         

n  He was born in Vienna middle class Jewish family and converted and became a Christian. He is the 2^nd of six children-profound influence and felt in shadow of his older brother. He is invalid as child rickets, pneumonia and very close to his father-no oedipal need.

n  After World War I – Gemeinshaftsgefuhl – deep-seated concern for others and need to associate with them. In 1921-1934-30 mental health clinics in schools- closed by Nazi’s - drop in delinquency at time and he Came to USA in 1934 till his death

Adler’s Individual Psychology

n  Based on the unique motivations of individuals. The Importance of each person’s perceived niche in society. Importance of goal directness of human nature – teleological aspect. Concern with social conditions-need to take preventive measures to avoid disturbances in personality

Complexes

n  Inferiority Complex: normal feelings of incompetence and exaggerates them-impossible to to achieve goals-hopeless

n  Superiority Complex: very high opinion of self-bragging and quick to argue personal solutions to problems are right one-convince others of being valuable to them and to self

Other Adler Concepts

n  Organ Inferiority: everyone is born with some physical weakness-motivate life choices

n  Aggression Drive: reaction to perceived helplessness or inferiority-lashing out against the inability to achieve or master

n  Masculine protest: Kids work to become independent from and = adults & people in power-autonomous-positive assertive

n  Social Responsibility & Understanding-social issues

n  Occupational tasks-career-self-worth

n  Societal task-creating friendships-networks

n  Love tasks-life partner

n  Positive & Goal Oriented Humanity- people striving to overcome weaknesses to function productively-contributing to society

Karen Horney 1885-1952

n  He was born Germany-of Norwegian parents and he had problems with dominant father-but supportive mother. He perceived self-homely-Since I cannot be beautiful I will be smart.” He pressed to go to medical school. He married Oscar Horney in Med School-depressed & suicide attempt while in Med School. In 1932  came to USA. Women’s Rights Advocate for her time

Major Concepts from Horney

n  Rejection of Penis Envy Concept-

n  Women’s sense of inferiority did not come from genital inferiority but rather from the way they were raised in society. Came from belief that women must secure the love of a man. Culture elevated masculinity – devaluated femininity-delicate weak & submissive

Horney concept:

n  Basic Anxiety: child’s fear of being alone, helpless, & insecure. Children are powerless-unable to gain their place in society immediately-so must repress feelings of hostility & anger towards powerful adults, instead they need to strive to please them to get their needs met. Arises from social conflicts in family and larger conflicts within society

Horney’s Styles of  Adaptation to Basic Anxiety

n  Conflict from lack of warmth, stability, respect or involvement in family or society. Passive Style: get along by being compliant. Aggressive Style: fighting to get by. Withdrawn Style: feel best not to engage emotionally at all

Horney’s Concept of Self

n  Real Self: inner core of personality that we perceive about ourselves-potential for self-realization

n  Despised Self: perceptions of inferiority & shortcomings based on others negative feedback-result in feeling helpless

n  Ideal Self: views as perfection and hopes to achieve: “tyranny of the Shoulds”

n  Goal of therapy to accept real self-if not become neurotic and coping strategies evolve to solve conflict between real & need for ideal

Horney’s Neurotic Coping Strategies

n  Moving toward people: attempting to make others happy, to gain love and to secure approval & affection -  Over-identified with Despised self

n  Moving against people: striving for power, recognition & admiration  Over-identified with Ideal self

n  Moving Away from people: withdrawal of emotional investment from relationships to avoid being hurt   Want to overcome Despised self-feels inadequate to do so

Horney’s 10 Neurotic (security seeking) needs

n  Affection & approval, having a “partner” Narrowly restricting one’s life, power, exploiting others, social recognition & prestige, personal achievement, personal admiration, Self- sufficiency & Independence, perfection & unassailability

Object Relations Theories

n  Focus on the objects of psychic drives not as instinctual targets, but rather as important entities in their own right. Child learns about self and others primarily through interactions with other people. Focus on importance of relationships with other individuals in defining personality

Erik Erikson 1902-1994

n  He was born in Frankfurt to Danish parents. Abandoned prior to birth by father. Step-dad-Jewish Pediatrician. Uncertain about identity in youth. No advanced degree. Trained under Anna Freud-child analyst

Erikson’s Stages

n   Trust vs Mistrust-Oral Stage-Infancy

n  Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt-Anal Stage-Early Childhood

n  Initiative vs Guilt-Phallic Stage-Mid Childhood

n  Industry vs Inferiority-Latency Stage-Late Childhood

n  Identity vs Role Confusion-Genital Stage-Teens

n  Intimacy vs Isolation-Early Adulthood

n  Generativity vs Stagnation-Middle Adulthood

n  Ego Integrity vs Despair-Late Adulthood

PERSONALITY IN THE QUR’AN

What is personality?

©     Psychological structures and processes that organize an individual’s experiences, form his/her actions on and reactions to the environment he/she lives in, distinguish him/her from other individuals and  the dynamic organization in the individual of the physiological and psychological systems that characterize his/her unique style of adjusting to the environment.  

From Islamic Perspective…..

©     The Qur’an describes some characteristics that distinguish humans from all other beings, describes some personality types characterized by  the major characteristics, describes healthy personalities, unhealthy personalities, and factors affecting mental health, Comprehensive view of human personality (Physical, spiritual, and psychological – cognitive and emotional),

Modern theories focus on the physical and psychological aspects only.

Based on Islamic Perspective, It Is Divides by 2 Categories:-

1. Motives & Drives ~ physiological drives (Self-preservation, preservation   of the human race, sexual drives and motherhood instincts), ~ psychological motives (possession, aggression, competition, religiosity), ~ unconscious motives.

2.  Emotions ~ Fear , Anger Love (of self, others, eros, philio, agape), Joy, Jealousy, Envy, Sadness and Regret.